The key to the effectiveness of a HEAT round is the diameter of the warhead. The stream material is formed by a cone of metal foil lining, usually copper, though ductile iron and tin foil was commonly used during the Second World War. The distance is critical because the stream disintegrates and disperses after a relatively short distance, usually well under 2 metres. That is why most modern HEAT warheads have what is called a "standoff", in the form of an extended nose cap or probe in front of the warhead. If the HEAT warhead is detonated too close to the target's surface there is not enough time for the particle stream to fully develop.The correct detonation point of the warhead and spacing is critical for optimum penetration, for two reasons: The stream moves at hypersonic speeds (up to 25 times the speed of sound) in solid material and therefore erodes exclusively in the contact area of jet and armor material.
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